Reported speech (indirecte rede) tells what someone said without quoting them word for word. The reported part is a bijzin. The word that starts it depends on what was said:
In English you can leave out that (She said she was tired). In Dutch you always need dat. And whether or if is of, never als.
When the reporting verb is in the past (zei, vroeg, beloofde, beweerde, gaf toe), the verb in the bijzin usually moves one step back in time:
Direct speech → reported speech
Modal verbs shift the same way: kan → kon, wil → wilde, moet → moest. And an imperfectum often becomes a plusquamperfectum: “Ik sprak gisteren met de koning.” → Hij zei dat hij de dag ervoor met de koning had gesproken.
The shift isn't a strict rule in Dutch. You can keep the present in two cases.
The reporting verb is in the present (zegt, vraagt, beweert). Then the tense stays the same. Only the pronomen changes, where needed:
It's still true now. News reports often keep the present for facts and situations that haven't changed:
Not sure? After a past reporting verb, the shifted form is always correct: De minister zei dat het kabinet niet aftrad.
You report from your own point of view, not the speaker's. So the pronomen changes: ik becomes hij or ze, mijn becomes zijn or haar, wij becomes ze.
If you report it later or somewhere else, time and place words change too:
Direct speech → reported speech
Vorige week zei de minister: “Ik geef morgen hier een persconferentie.” → Vorige week zei de minister dat ze daar de volgende dag een persconferentie zou geven.
If the moment hasn't changed, keep the word: Vanochtend zei de minister dat ze morgen een besluit neemt. It's still the same day, so morgen is still tomorrow.
After dat, of or a question word comes a bijzin, so all the verbs go to the end. There's no inversie, not even in a reported question.
Dutch · English
With a participle at the end, both orders are correct: dat ze het rapport nooit had ontvangen or nooit ontvangen had.
And after a quote? Then the reporting verb comes right after the comma, before the subject (inversie): “Het plan is klaar,” zei de minister.
Wrong · Right · Why
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