In a main clause, the conjugated verbum is in position 2 and the other verbs go to the end. In a bijzin (after dat, of, omdat, als, die …), the conjugated verbum joins them at the end. Together they form a verb cluster.
Main clause → bijzin
The subject, the object, niet and time words come before the cluster, never between the verbs. A separable verb can split, though: its first part may go in front of the cluster. dat hij zich had moeten inschrijven and dat hij zich in had moeten schrijven (that he should have registered) are both correct.
With a modal verb (kunnen, moeten, mogen, willen, zullen), the modal usually comes first and the infinitive last:
Dutch · English
The other order (dat ik de huur nog betalen kan) is also correct, but less common. You'll hear it most in the north-east of the Netherlands. Stick to kan betalen.
In the perfectum or plusquamperfectum, a modal + infinitive gets heeft or had. The modal doesn't become a participle (gemoeten, gekund): it stays an infinitive. That's the double infinitive (dubbele infinitief).
In a bijzin, the cluster then has one order: conjugated verbum → modal → main verb.
Dutch · English
✓ had moeten bellen · ✗ had gemoeten bellen · ✗ moeten bellen had · ✗ bellen had moeten.
Laten, gaan, blijven, zien, horen, helpen and leren do the same in the perfectum: dat ze de woning heeft laten taxeren (had the home valued), dat ze bij hun ouders zijn blijven wonen, dat we drie huizen zijn gaan bekijken.
A modal only becomes a participle when there's no second verb: Een huis kopen? Dat hebben we nooit gekund.
Some verbs take te + infinitive: proberen, beginnen, hoeven, weten (manage to) … In a bijzin, the te-infinitive comes last, with te right before the infinitive:
Dutch · English
In the perfectum, proberen has three correct forms. The first two are standard everywhere, the third in the Netherlands:
With the infinitive proberen, nothing can come between proberen and te: ✗ dat hij heeft proberen de verhuurder te bellen. Beginnen works the same way: dat ze een nieuw huis is beginnen te zoeken.
When the cluster has a participle (perfectum or passieve vorm), you can choose the order. They're called the red order (auxiliary first) and the green order (participle first). Both are correct.
Red · Green
In everyday speech, the green order is more common. In newspapers, you'll see the red order more and more.
With three verbs and a participle, put the participle at the start or at the very end: dat er meer huizen gebouwd moeten worden or dat er meer huizen moeten worden gebouwd. (In Belgium you'll often hear moeten gebouwd worden.)
Wrong · Right · Why
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